1	Appropriate Technology Now: Two Examples Paul Arveson ASA Annual Meeting, 2005
2	Two Underutilized Technologies that are Ready Now Solar Cookers – Appropriate for underdeveloped countries Especially in rural equatorial regions Hybrid Cars – Appropriate for developed countries especially in urban regions
3	Underutilized Technology 1: Shiny Stuff for Solar Cookers Shiny materials are relatively new to the world Aluminum foil Metallized plastic film But now they are cheap and plentiful Est. $100 an acre Consequence: an underutilized solution waiting for cultural acceptance
4	The Cookit: A Simple but Effective Solar Cooker
5	Benefits of Solar Cooking Consumes no fuels, replaces wood No loss of trees & habitat Trees sequester carbon No loss of soil and watershed Wood is often in short supply now
6	More Benefits of Solar Cooking Eliminates work No daily search for firewood No risks to women and children Frees time for other activities No need to stir food Helps to liberate women
7	Two Billion People rely on Wood for daily cooking fuel
8	More Benefits of Solar Cooking Reduces costs No fuel to purchase (many poor families spend 25% of their income on fuel) No fuel storage required No fuel transportation required Provides business opportunities Making solar cookers Preparing foods: bakeries, restaurants Food processing: rice, honey etc. Dying fabrics Sterilizing instruments for doctors & vets
9	More Benefits of Solar Cooking Generates no air pollution Generates no greenhouse gases Produces no smoke Eliminates fire dangers
10	Cooking Smoke: An Unrecognized Source of Disease and Death Cooking smoke kills over 1.6 million people each year, mostly women & children, according to a recent report Acute lower respiratory infection Chronic bronchitis Lung cancer Asthma, TB etc.
11	More Benefits of Solar Cooking Can sterilize water – 65 deg. C Can pasteurize milk Can cook high-protein legumes that require many hours to cook
12	More Benefits of Solar Cooking Cooks foods slowly and thoroughly Preserves nutrients Foods will not burn Pots are easy to clean; less clean water is needed Use for canning vegetables Use for dried fruit Kill insects in dry grains
13	More Benefits of Solar Cooking Solar cooking frees up valuable space inside the home for other uses Moving cooking outside reduces heat buildup in home
14	Issues Limiting the Use of Solar Cooking Requires clear sky; on cloudy days some other fuel must be used Appropriate for many regions such as India, China, and Saharan Africa Lifestyle adjustments are required Change in timing of meals and work Hot food storage Cooking outside Home design Possible changes in taste of food
15	What Can We Do to Promote Solar Cooking? Become aware of information sources, e.g. www.solarcooking.org Approach mission agencies and individuals working in developing countries Develop specific strategies for adapting to local cultures Contribute: www.solarcookers.org
16	Underutilized Technology 2: Hybrid Cars Prius introduced in US in 2000 Designed by Toyota ~ 1995 Little or no marketing Federally-funded research in US stopped early 2001 Demand rapidly increased when gasoline prices increased 2004 Won a long list of auto awards US began promoting “hydrogen economy” US car companies began anti-hybrid propaganda (“Auto Alliance”) 2005
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18	Toyota 2005 Models vs. MPG
19	The Prius: A “Real” Hybrid
20	Other “Real” Hybrids for 2005: Honda Civic Hybrid 48/47 mpg Honda Insight 61/66 mpg small, 2-seater Ford Escape Hybrid 36/31 mpg
21	More Hybrids Coming in 2006 Toyota Highlander Hybrid 33/28 mpg (2006) Nissan Altima Hybrid To be built in Miss. or Tenn. Hyundai Accent Hybrid Fall 2006
22	How Does the Prius Work?
23	My 2001 Prius Sticker
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25	Emissions Comparison Prius vs. Camry (2004)
26	My Experience with 2001 Prius Purchased Aug. 2001 for $21,040 Waited 3 months (now available off the lot) No sales tax in Maryland; your state may differ Federal tax deduction $1500; now $2000 Maintenance Warranty covered most needs Battery 8 yrs/100k miles Other 3 yrs/30k miles Purchased new tires One recall for vibration fix Current mileage 56,000 Fuel economy: about 47 mpg average
27	Prius vs. Camry – Resale Prices
28	Prius vs. Conventional Car Costs
29	Clean Fuel Tax Deduction For Hybrid Vehicles
30	Energy Policy Act of 2005: “… the Administrator of the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration shall initiate a study of the feasibility and effects of reducing by model year 2014, by a significant percentage, the amount of fuel consumed by automobiles.”
31	So I Bought a 2005 Prius Sale price: $22,978 complete EPA ratings 60 mpg city, 51 hwy Hatchback; more inside space Many minor improvements Trade-in of 2001 Prius: $9500 2005 Federal tax relief: approx. $600 Many states have additional tax breaks Net cost of 2001 Prius: $12,878 Net cost per month: $268
32	Prius Conclusions Is this car a solution now? Yes! Is this car the cheapest form of transportation? No! Try a bicycle. Is this car a good value? Definitely – especially in 2005!
33	Hybrid Car References http://www.fueleconomy.gov/ http://auto.howstuffworks.com/hybrid-car.htm http://www.kbb.com/ http://www.iea.org/ http://www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/efficiency/definition.htm http://www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/steo/pub/tabppt.html http://www.cleancarcampaign.org/resources.shtml http://www.hybridcenter.org/hybridcenterindex.cfm http://hybridblog.typepad.com/my_weblog/2005/05/hybrid_hov_waiv.html
34	More Hybrid Car References http://www.ucsusa.org/clean_vehicles/advanced_vehicles/page.cfm?pageID=213 http://iwarrior.uwaterloo.ca/?module=displaystory&story_id=1960&format=html http://news-service.stanford.edu/news/2005/july13/hydrogen-071305.html http://www.world-nuclear.org/sym/2002/ballard.htm http://chemed.chem.purdue.edu/genchem/topicreview/bp/ch7/ie_ea.html http://john1701a.com/prius/prius-history.htm http://priusonline.com/ http://www.priuschat.com/forums/ http://www.hybridcenter.org/hybridcenterindex.cfm
35	Insolation